This is a specialist-type implementation of systems engineering
in the form of (large)
groups of systems engineers performing primarily systems analysis. This kind of
systems engineering was one of the first recognized kind types. Several cases are
very well characterized in (Hughes 1998), which describes the SAGE computer
project, Intercontinental Ballistic Missile development, the Boston Central
Artery/Tunnel project, and Arpanet/Internet. Air traffic control is another example.
In this type of implementation, the problem space is incredibly complex. Modeling the
problem space, and really understanding it, is most of the goal in Discovery
implementations.